If we lived on a planet circling a star about to go supernova, would we know it was going to happen?

There is no clear answer. The seeds of catastrophe that will destroy a star in a supernova are buried deep in the star’s heart, but all we can see easily is the surface, buffered by the stellar mass in between. There were images of SK –69°202, the star that blew up as SN 1987A, but no clue in those images of an impending eruption.

However, with proper technology and a heartfelt desire to save one’s civilization, there are ways to detect changes deep within a star. In particular, there should be quantitative changes in the neutrino flux associated with nuclear reactions that signal the onset of rapid burning or collapse.

These neutrinos have low energies and would be difficult to detect, but being next door would help. Another possibility is that the star’s deep nuclear burning would be convective, and the resulting roiling motions would make waves that might propagate to the stellar surface. Proper diagnostics might expose the star’s inner workings from all the commotion on its surface, like spots and flares. — J. CRAIG WHEELER, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN