This week in astronomy history: The announcement of the first pulsar

50 years ago, a paper published in Nature transformed our understanding of stellar evolution.
By | Published: February 20, 2018 | Last updated on May 18, 2023
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Pulsars are rapidly spinning neutron stars with strong magnetic fields and narrow, energetic jets emanating from their poles. Like the beams from galactic lighthouses, these jets are visible as short bursts of radio emission if they happen to sweep over Earth as the neutron star rotates, often many times a second.
NASA
In July 1967, Jocelyn Bell Burnell noticed a “bit of scruff” in the radio data she was receiving at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory. Together with her Ph.D. advisor Antony Hewish, she zeroed in and followed up on the strange signal. In February 1968, the pair (together with three additional co-authors) published the first paper in the journal Nature on the sources that would come to be known as pulsars.
 
This February 24, we celebrate the 50th anniversary of their game-changing paper and the many discoveries surrounding pulsars that have ensued over the years. That first paper proposed “a tentative explanation of these unusual sources in terms of the stable oscillations of white dwarf or neutron stars;” we now know that pulsars (a term coined separately in 1968) are indeed rotating neutron stars beaming radiation from their poles. Neutron stars, the remnants of supernovae, are randomly oriented in space — but sometimes, they’re oriented just right, and their beams sweep over Earth, much like the light from a lighthouse.
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This Chandra X-ray Observatory image shows the central 9.8 light-years of the Crab Nebula. Inside this region sits the Crab pulsar, which was formed when its progenitor went supernova. The event was observed on Earth in 1054 A.D.
NASA Goddard
Pulsars offer a way to test ideas about stellar evolution and theories like General Relativity; they are also ideal beacons for deep-space navigation, and have even been used to potentially point alien civilizations back to Earth (via the Pioneer 10 plaque). Highly magnetized neutron stars, called magnetars, are currently the best explanation for the origin of mysterious fast radio bursts that permeate astronomy news today.

You can learn more about these amazing objects and their discovery in our exclusive online bonus feature: Pulsars at 50: Still going strong, which appeared in our May 2017 issue. In honor of the anniversary, we’ve also pulled together several additional online news and bonus features to help you unlock the mysteries of our universe’s most precise and long-lasting radio beacons.

The sounds of pulsars
Want to know what a pulsar sounds like? The Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics has several recordings of the radio signals from famous pulsars available online.

Exploring the pulsar zoo
Take a look at the many subclasses of pulsars, each of which helps astronomers better understand how stars live and die.

Pulsar planets
The first extrasolar planets were found not circling a Sun-like star, but orbiting a stellar remnant  a pulsar. 

Pulsars: The universe’s gift to physics
What have pulsars taught astronomers about how the universe works? A lot!

New pulsar result supports particle dark matter
One of the most recent and most exciting findings involving pulsars lends credence to the idea that dark matter is composed of particles.

Future spacecraft can use pulsars to navigate completely autonomously
What do you do in deep space without GPS? NASA is looking to use pulsar signals to navigate.


Pulsar web could detect gravitational waves
Pulsars could help astronomers learn more about gravitational waves and more accurately test Einstein’s theories.

Astronomers discover a white dwarf that acts like a pulsar
Pulsars are spinning neutron stars … but new evidence suggests white dwarfs can act as pulsars, too.


More about magnetars
Magnetars are an extreme type of neutron star, and we think they’re responsible for fast radio bursts.

Black widow star destroys its mate
Pulsars in binary systems may seal the fate of the stars they’re paired with.

Crab Nebula
This famous Messier object houses a pulsar with something unique: a well-known history.

Ask Astro: Millisecond pulsars
Why do we see a flash instead of a constant signal from a millisecond pulsar, which spins 20-700 times per second? Is that not fast enough to maintain a steady beam of light?

Would you like to learn more? Check out our free downloadable eBook: Exotic objects: Black holes, pulsars, and more