From the June 2015 issue

You can clearly see boulders on comets and asteroids. What are these?

Skylar Henry, Ouray, Colorado
By | Published: June 29, 2015 | Last updated on May 18, 2023
The Rosetta spacecraft spotted this boulder on Comet 67P back in September 2014.
The Rosetta spacecraft spotted this boulder on Comet 67P back in September 2014. The rock, named Cheops, may be as many as 150 feet (45 meters) across, and while it looks like any earthly boulder, its formation process is completely alien.
ESA/Rosetta/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/SSO/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA
Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is half the density of water. This density implies a high porosity in the range of 70 to 80 percent, depending on the assumed dust-to-ice ratio. (You can use 0.9 gram per centimeter for ice and 1.5 to 2 grams per centimeter density for the dust.) Other comets show densities similar to 67P, but those have been less accurately determined during high-velocity spacecraft flybys and via the plume ejected by the impactor of NASA’s Deep Impact mission. Thus, we can infer that cometary material is made of weakly bonded icy dust aggregates with high porosity and low strength.

Images of Comet 67P’s cliffs taken with the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft show a heated and cracked surface with long linear features. This material looks sintered — compacted by heating ice without melting it — by bonds among these aggregates, perhaps strengthened by organic compounds. The thermal processing causes cliff collapses, as seen at various places on 67P, and can release single boulders that follow the gravitational downslope and come to rest. In one particular place — the Hapi region between the small and big lobe of Comet 67P — the boulders seem to form a line by the gravitational attraction from both lobes.

Boulders also might be moved in eruptions when subsurface gas pressure is released. Such explosions can likely push house-sized boulders basically to any place on the surface.

Holger Sierks
Head of Rosetta’s OSIRIS instrument
Max Planck Institute
Göttingen, Germany