ESA’s X-ray observatory XMM-Newton has revealed evidence for a magnetic field in space where astronomers never expected to find one. The magnetic field surrounds a young star called AB Aurigae and provides a possible solution to a 20-year old puzzle.
At 2.7 times the mass of the Sun, AB Aurigae is one of the most massive stars in the Taurus-Auriga star-forming cloud. Although it lies among nearly 400 smaller stars, its ultraviolet radiation plays a key role in shaping the cloud. Its massive status puts it in a class known as Herbig stars, named after their discoverer, George Herbig.
As part of a large program to survey Taurus-Auriga at X-ray wavelengths, XMM-Newton systematically targeted AB Aurigae and the other young stars in this region, using its European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC). AB Aurigae stood out brightly in the image, indicating that it was releasing X-rays. X-rays are expected to come from young stars with strong magnetic fields but computer calculations have repeatedly suggested that Herbig stars do not have the correct internal conditions to generate an appreciable magnetic field. Yet for 20 years, astronomers have been detecting X-ray emission from them.
Where could the X-rays be coming from? Some astronomers suggested that Herbig stars could have smaller companion stars in orbit around them and the X-rays are coming from the companions.
However, when an international team led by Manuel Guedel and his graduate student Alessandra Telleschi, of the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, analysed the AB Aurigae data, they found that the temperature of the gas producing the X-rays lay between one and five million degrees centigrade. “That was suspiciously low,” Guedel says. Young sun-like stars possess gaseous atmospheres that are heated to 10 million degrees and higher, by their magnetic field.
Guedel and his team found another clue that the X-rays must be coming from AB Aurigae itself: the X-rays varied in intensity every 42 hours. This is a magic number for the star because astronomers know that the optical and ultraviolet light from AB Aurigae also varies by this same amount. “Finding the same periodicity confirms that the X-rays are coming from AB Aurigae and not from a companion star,” says Guedel. But how are they generated?
To search for an explanation, Telleschi and colleagues looked at high-resolution data of AB Aurigae taken with the orbiting observatory’s Reflection Grating spectrometers. In this data, they looked for a spectral fingerprint that would tell them how far above the star’s surface the X-ray-emitting gas was located.
To their surprise, they found that the X-rays were coming from high above the star. They had expected them to be much closer to the surface. X-rays high above the surface mean that gas given off by the star, called the stellar wind, from two different hemispheres is probably being guided together into a collision. And the only thing that could do that is a magnetic field. It would not be a strong magnetic field, but it has to be a magnetic field, nonetheless.
Luckily, a group of astronomers who had developed a magnetic field model of this kind for another class of star also worked in the Taurus-Auriga observing team. So it was easy for them to contribute their expertise.
Working with them, Telleschi, Guedel and their colleagues now propose that, as the vast pocket of gas collapsed to become AB Aurigae, it pulled with it part of the magnetic field that threaded that region of space. This field is now trapped inside the star and funnels the stellar winds together. Winds from the two hemispheres thus collide to create the X-rays.
It is a neat explanation for a 20-year mystery but, at the moment, Guedel and colleagues do not know whether this is applicable to other Herbig stars. “That’s the important question,” Guedel says. To resolve it, high-resolution spectra of other Herbig stars will have to be taken.
