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Candidate protoplanet spotted inside its stellar womb

If the discovery is indeed a forming planet, then for the first time scientists will be able to study the planet formation process and the interaction of a forming planet and its natal environment empirically at a very early stage.
By ESO, Garching, Germany Published: February 28, 2013
HD-100546
This composite image shows a view from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope (left) and from the NACO system on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT, right) of the gas and dust around the young star HD 100546. The Hubble visible-light image shows the outer disk of gas and dust around the star. The new infrared VLT picture of a small part of the disk shows a candidate protoplanet. Both pictures were taken with a special coronagraph that suppresses the light from the brilliant star. The position of the star is marked with a red cross in both panels. //ESO/NASA/ESA/Ardila, et al.
Astronomers using the European Southern Observatory's (ESO) Very Large Telescope (VLT) have obtained what is likely the first direct observation of a forming planet still embedded in a thick disk of gas and dust. If confirmed, this discovery will greatly improve astronomers' understanding of how planets form and allow them to test the current theories against an observable target.

An international team led by Sascha Quanz of ETH Zurich, Switzerland, has studied the disk of gas and dust that surrounds the young star HD 100546, a relatively nearby neighbor located 335 light-years from Earth. The group was surprised to find what seems to be a planet in the process of forming, still embedded in the disk of material around the young star. The candidate planet would be a gas giant similar to Jupiter.

“So far, planet formation has mostly been a topic tackled by computer simulations,” says Sascha Quanz. “If our discovery is indeed a forming planet, then for the first time scientists will be able to study the planet formation process and the interaction of a forming planet and its natal environment empirically at a very early stage.”

HD 100546 is a well-studied object, and it has already been suggested that a giant planet orbits about six times further from the star than the Earth is from the Sun. The newly found planet candidate is located in the outer regions of the system, about 10 times farther out.
HD-100546_illustration
This artist’s impression shows the formation of a gas giant planet in the ring of dust around the young star HD 100546. This system is also suspected to contain another large planet orbiting closer to the star. The newly discovered object lies about 70 times farther from its star than Earth does from the Sun. This protoplanet is surrounded by a thick cloud of material so that, seen from this position, its star almost invisible and red in color because of the scattering of light from the dust. // ESO/L. Calçada
The planet candidate around HD 100546 was detected as a faint blob located in the circumstellar disk revealed thanks to the NACO adaptive optics instrument on ESO’s VLT, combined with pioneering data analysis techniques. The observations were made using a special coronagraph in NACO, which operates at near-infrared wavelengths and suppresses the brilliant light coming from the star at the location of the protoplanet candidate.

According to current theory, giant planets grow by capturing some of the gas and dust that remains after the formation of a star. The astronomers have spotted several features in the new image of the disk around HD 100546 that support this protoplanet hypothesis. Structures in the dusty circumstellar disk, which could be caused by interactions between the planet and the disk, were revealed close to the detected protoplanet. Also, there are indications that the surroundings of the protoplanet are potentially heated up by the formation process.

Adam Amara, another member of the team, is enthusiastic about the finding. “Exoplanet research is one of the most exciting new frontiers in astronomy, and direct imaging of planets is still a new field, greatly benefiting from recent improvements in instruments and data analysis methods," he said. "In this research, we used data analysis techniques developed for cosmological research, showing that cross-fertilization of ideas between fields can lead to extraordinary progress.”

Although the protoplanet is the most likely explanation for the observations, the results of this study require follow-up observations to confirm the existence of the planet and discard other plausible scenarios. Among other explanations, it is possible, although unlikely, that the detected signal could have come from a background source. It is also possible that the newly detected object might not be a protoplanet, but a fully formed planet that was ejected from its original orbit closer to the star. When the new object around HD 100546 is confirmed to be a forming planet embedded in its parent disk of gas and dust, it will become an unique laboratory in which to study the formation process of a new planetary system.
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5 stars
ROBERT A MORSTADT from UTAH said:
Wes, Thanks for the terrific comment! I learned a lot. The area of Fluid Dynamics is rich in phenomena.
4 stars
WESLEY WOZNIAK from WASHINGTON said:

Liquid Dynamics in Planetary Formation.

The accretion process works on all planets. The unasked question is, what is the largest thing ever accreted, absorbed by, or impacted on a gas giant planet in our solar system? Has Jupiter absorbed planets larger than earth? What are the dynamics of such an event? What is the result?
I believe that during such an event, the massive planets would follow common physical laws of liquid dynamics creating a massive splash/crater, and a Worthington Jet to scale. A Worthington Jet of that scale could leave a droplet of molten material (a moon) in orbit. The super gravity of gas giant planets makes them more reflexive as it acts to increase the surface tension, just like tightening a drum. We can look to craters, such as Theophilus, on our own moon, to see a common example of a central peak left behind by Worthington Jet forces working on solid rock. Crate chains are also clear indications of such liquid dynamic forces at play.
Being deposited in orbit in that way, the molten material would be able to differentiate it's core, from it's crust. The core of molten metal would be drawn slightly toward the planet it now orbited. This off center core would act like a ballast keeping the moon from ever being able to rotate that bottom side away form the parent planet.
If we look at water splashes here on earth, we can see that sometimes the Worthington Jet results in multiple droplets as the surface tension of the material seeks least resistance. I believe multiple moons may be created from a single impact and jet. These moons would be siblings. Later, that gas giant might absorb another planet, and get more moons. Those moons might share characteristics of the planet absorbed. This might explain the wide differences between the elemental components of moons that orbit the same planet in a way that the current theory, (that these moons are accreted from the same rings of dust, stone, and ices) does not..
As a Worthington Jet collapses back toward the larger planet, a secondary splash may also propel smaller droplets into possible orbital trajectories.
If Jupiter's moons, Io, Europa, and Ganymede, were created from the same Worthington jet, the tidal pull of the surface rushing by underneath them would impart a greater and greater orbital rotation in ration to their mass, and distance from Jupiter. The result of this would be a faster orbit for moons that are closer to the the parent planet they orbit.
Could the rocky inner planets be escaped moons of gas giants? If a moon escaped orbit with Jupiter, or any other gas giant planet, it should have a much more elliptical, comet like, orbit. So here is an event function. When a sun ignites, it creates a powerful solar wind. This wind would act like a retro rocket on in bound objects, and might be just enough to arrest a few lucky rocky bodies into a long term orbit.
If the Earth moon had been spinning much as Pluto and it's moon do, what would the resulting resistance have been on the two inbound masses, and how would it have affected the orbital relationship between them?
It may well have been the coming together of two like sized planets, that made first contact at north and south poles, that resulted in the planet Uranus with it's axis of spin almost perpendicular to that of the sun. The masses of the two large planets spinning around each other as they merged. Saturn also fits well within this model. Would there also be vertical ejecta resulting from a gas giant falling into the Sun?



As a molten moon boils off it's volatile elements, it would seed an icy ring around its new parent planet. These volatile elements could then be reabsorbed by other moons that had cooled down, that also orbit that same parent planet. As the volatile boiling off phase takes place, the tidal forces exerted by the parent planet would cause the convection to orient toward that parent planet as the escaping gases seek the path of least resistance. This would cause the slag, like that in glass or metal refineries, to float away form the parent planet and gather on the far side of that moon. This would also help to off set the metal core, increasing it's likelihood of acting as a ballast. As our moon has suffered some massive impacts that have caused molten lakes that are now Mare, the propagating waves created by those impacts could have traveled all the way to the back of the moon where they “jacked up” or the wave force becomes amplified as it comes together in a smaller surface area.

I would expect that there is more than one way to make a moon. Some moons may be captured from interplanetary space. This would explain moons that have not gone through the core crust separation function. Yet still, other moons may be the result of impacts between asteroids and moons, which may also result in a Worthington Jet being propelled off of that moon's surface.
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