Planet from another galaxy discovered
Galactic cannibalism brings an exoplanet of extragalactic origin within astronomers' reach.
By
ESO, Garching, Germany —
Published:
November 19, 2010 First planet of extragalactic origin (artist’s impression).
Photo by ESO
Over the past 15 years, astronomers have detected nearly 500 planets orbiting stars in our cosmic neighborhood, but none outside our Milky Way has been confirmed. Now, however, a planet with a minimum mass 1.25 times that of Jupiter has been discovered orbiting a star of extragalactic origin, even though the star now finds itself within our own galaxy. It is part of the Helmi stream — a group of stars that our galaxy, the Milky Way, in an act of galactic cannibalism about 6 to 9 billion years ago.
"This discovery is very exciting," said Rainer Klement of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), who was responsible for the selection of the target stars for this study. "For the first time, astronomers have detected a planetary system in a stellar stream of extragalactic origin. Because of the great distances involved, there are no confirmed detections of planets in other galaxies. But this cosmic merger has brought an extragalactic planet within our reach."
The star is known as HIP 13044, and it lies about 2,000 light-years from Earth in the southern constellation Fornax the Furnace. The astronomers detected the planet, called HIP 13044 b, by looking for the tiny telltale wobbles of the star caused by the gravitational tug of an orbiting companion. For these precise observations, the team used the high-resolution spectrograph FEROS attached to the 2.2-meter MPG/ESO telescope at ESO.
Adding to its claim to fame, HIP 13044 b is also one of the few exoplanets known to have survived the period when its host star expanded massively after exhausting the hydrogen fuel supply in its core — the red giant phase of stellar evolution. The star has now contracted again and is burning helium in its core. Until now, these horizontal branch stars have remained largely uncharted territory for planet-hunters.
"This discovery is part of a study where we are systematically searching for exoplanets that orbit stars nearing the end of their lives," said Johny Setiawan, also from MPIA. "This discovery is particularly intriguing when we consider the distant future of our own planetary system, as the Sun is also expected to become a red giant in about 5 billion years."
HIP 13044 b is near to its host star. At the closest point in its elliptical orbit, it is less than one stellar diameter from the surface of the star (or 0.055 times the Sun-Earth distance). It completes an orbit in only 16.2 days. Setiawan and his colleagues hypothesize that the planet's orbit might initially have been much larger, but that it moved inward during the red giant phase.
Any closer-in planets may not have been so lucky. "The star is rotating relatively quickly for a horizontal branch star," said Setiawan. "One explanation is that HIP 13044 swallowed its inner planets during the red giant phase, which would make the star spin more quickly."
Although HIP 13044 b has escaped the fate of these inner planets so far, the star will expand again in the next stage of its evolution. HIP 13044 b may therefore be about to be engulfed by the star, meaning that it is doomed afterall. This could also foretell the demise of our outer planets — such as Jupiter — when the Sun approaches the end of its life.
The star also poses interesting questions about how giant planets form, as it appears to contain few elements heavier than hydrogen and helium — fewer than any other star known to host planets. "It is a puzzle for the widely accepted model of planet formation to explain how such a star, which contains hardly any heavy elements at all, could have formed a planet,” said Setiawan. “Planets around stars like this must probably form in a different way."
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